Q Discuss the events of Nationalization of Suez Canal by president Gamal Abdul Nasir.
Ans On 26 July, 1956 President Gamal Abdul Nasir of Egypt announced that his govt. would nationalize the Suez Canal Company. Suez Canal connected Mediterranean sea and the Red sea and was 105 miles long., it linked Mediterranean with Suez. Britain and France had bought shares in canal. the canal was designed and executed by a French Engineer, ferdinand de Lesseps.
Nasir's moral case for the nationalization of canal was fairly strong. From 1880 to 1936, the Egyptian Treasury had received no one penny of the huge profit made by canal company. In 1936, under the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, the canal was specifically recognized as an integral part of Egypt. Responsibility for its defense was laid on Egypt, assisted by Britain until such times as the Egyptian army was strong enough to undertake the task alone. Finally under the Anglo-Egyptian Agreement (Suez Canal Base) of 1954, Egypt alone became responsible for defending the canal in peace time.
After Nasir's announcement, British troops were to be withdrawn and the last of the occupation troops did, in fact, embark at Port Said on 15 June, 1956. Nasir also wanted to divert a part of the canal income for the construction of 'ASWAN DAM'. West had refused to provide funds for Aswan dam and Russia had provided expertise and money for its construction. According to International Law Nasir had the right to nationalize the Suez Canal.
Britain and France colluding with Israel, encouraged Israel to invade Egypt. A Franco - British force could then intervene using the need to separate the combatants. The US was not informed of these plans. Israel invaded Sinai on 29 October 1956. Port Said suffered heavy damages and canal was seized by British and French forces.
America did not support the Anglo-French aggression and USSR threatened Britain and France for nuclear devastation. Entire Arab world supported Nasir and oil supply to Britain and France either slowed down or stopped. Therefore, Britain and France were obliged to back - down. They ordered their forces at Port Said to ceasefire , air and naval operations were also discontinued. Israel followed suit. After less than ten days of bombing and shelling, hostilities came to an end on 8 Nov. 1956. Nasir became an Arab hero.
Friday, 17 August 2012
Wednesday, 8 August 2012
cyprus problem
Q Discuss the Cyprus problem in detail.
Ans Cyprus is an island in the Eastern Meditteranean and is a Euro-Asian country. It differs in culture and religion between south and north. About 80% inhabitants are of Greek origin (Orthodox Christians) while the remainder are Turkish.
Cyprus was a British colony and became independent in 1960. With Archbishop Makarious as president, whgo died in 1977. In 1963 fighting broke out between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and following an appeal for help by Britain, The UN sent a peace keeping force in April 1964. However, the UN force could do little to solve the dispute. In 1974 under operation Atilla Turkish forces occupied nearly 40% of the Island in the north. Doctor Rauf Denktash has been the Turkish Cypriot leader for over forty five years. A UN Green Line has also been established between Greek/Turkish Cyprus. In 1983 Rauf Denktash declared Turkish occupied Cyprus as an independent Turkish state.
The Greek side of Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus) has a very thriving economy. Every year about 2.4 million tourists visit it. service industries like insurance, banking and shipping have developed much. The Republic of Cyprus with Nikosia as capital is a member of UN and it became a member of EU on 1st May, 2004. The Turksih side of Cyprus which is also called North Cyprus( has a de facto independence) and is not well developed.
Cyprus problem has been ethnicity, land, nationalism, revenge, territorial and population exchange and religion. Greece has helped Cyprus to acquire sophisticated defence equipment and Turkey as a member of NATO is backing Turkish Cypriots,
The longstanding enemity and distrust between Greece and Turkey has been a great hindrance in Cyprus problem. Turkey and Greece are members of NATO and Cyprus problem has created a wedge in NATO.
Turkey has been called upon to abandon any attempt to create a state in the occupied areas and to accept UN security council resolution, which calls for a federal settlement based on the undivided sovereignty of the island. In 1996 the Cyprus problem exacerbated due to military build up by Greece and Turkey. Attempts to reach a solution to the dispute has so far been unsuccessful in 2004 under the UN Kofi Annan plan.
In 1996 group of motorcyclists from the Cypriot diaspora assembled all over Europe rode to Cyprus to protest against division of Cyprus. In 2008 the well known Ledra street was demolihed which divided Nikosia.
Ans Cyprus is an island in the Eastern Meditteranean and is a Euro-Asian country. It differs in culture and religion between south and north. About 80% inhabitants are of Greek origin (Orthodox Christians) while the remainder are Turkish.
Cyprus was a British colony and became independent in 1960. With Archbishop Makarious as president, whgo died in 1977. In 1963 fighting broke out between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and following an appeal for help by Britain, The UN sent a peace keeping force in April 1964. However, the UN force could do little to solve the dispute. In 1974 under operation Atilla Turkish forces occupied nearly 40% of the Island in the north. Doctor Rauf Denktash has been the Turkish Cypriot leader for over forty five years. A UN Green Line has also been established between Greek/Turkish Cyprus. In 1983 Rauf Denktash declared Turkish occupied Cyprus as an independent Turkish state.
The Greek side of Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus) has a very thriving economy. Every year about 2.4 million tourists visit it. service industries like insurance, banking and shipping have developed much. The Republic of Cyprus with Nikosia as capital is a member of UN and it became a member of EU on 1st May, 2004. The Turksih side of Cyprus which is also called North Cyprus( has a de facto independence) and is not well developed.
Cyprus problem has been ethnicity, land, nationalism, revenge, territorial and population exchange and religion. Greece has helped Cyprus to acquire sophisticated defence equipment and Turkey as a member of NATO is backing Turkish Cypriots,
The longstanding enemity and distrust between Greece and Turkey has been a great hindrance in Cyprus problem. Turkey and Greece are members of NATO and Cyprus problem has created a wedge in NATO.
Turkey has been called upon to abandon any attempt to create a state in the occupied areas and to accept UN security council resolution, which calls for a federal settlement based on the undivided sovereignty of the island. In 1996 the Cyprus problem exacerbated due to military build up by Greece and Turkey. Attempts to reach a solution to the dispute has so far been unsuccessful in 2004 under the UN Kofi Annan plan.
In 1996 group of motorcyclists from the Cypriot diaspora assembled all over Europe rode to Cyprus to protest against division of Cyprus. In 2008 the well known Ledra street was demolihed which divided Nikosia.
Saturday, 2 June 2012
Nationalism in Egypt
Q Give and account of the rise of Nationalism in Egypt since the world war-1.
Ans When Britain and Ottoman empire went to war in 1914, Britain proclaimed a protectorate over Egypt without asking or receiving permission from Egyptian nation. A delegation'WAFD' party (established in 1919) and led by Saad Zaghlul Pasha met with the British High Commissoner and demanded that Egypt should be represented at the peace conference in Paris in 1919 as an independent power. They also asked for permission to travel to London to lobby for Egyptian independence. Saad had been vice president of legislative assembly and Minister of Education.
Saad was arrested and he along with associates were deported to Malta. This led to an insurrection in which students, workers and other classes paralysed the whole country. Coercive measures by the British could not lead to anything. Therefore Saad was released and allowed to procced to Paris where he attended the Peace conference. From Paris he went to London to place Egypt's case.
The British govt. sent lord Millner on a mission to investigate the cause of Egyptian dissatisfaction. His recommendations found the basis of Anglo-Egyptian treaty which was signed by Great Britain and Sultan Fuad of Egypt in 1921. Britain proclaimed the country an independent Monarchy under King Fuad. However, the British still retained the right to station troops there. Egypt continued to be closely allied with Britain did little to moderate Fuad's autocratic rule.
The treaty of 1921 was rejected and opposed by the nationalists of Egypt. Fresh riots broke out. Saad Zaghlul Pasha was again deported. Constitution was restored in 1923. The 'WAFDISTS' secured an overwhelming majority. Zaghlul Pasha was called again and he became the Premier of Egypt.
A serious crisis arose in 1924 when the British Govt.'s Governor General in Sudan was assasinated in Cairo. Zaghlul Pasha denounced the crime and promised swift action against the culprits But the Britishers did not budge and put many conditions on Egypt. The occupied the custom houise at Alexandria. Saad Zaghlul opposed these measures and resigned in protest. He died in 1927.
After Saad, Nahas Pasha became the leader of Wafd party. He refused to accept a new treaty proposed by British govt. The people became restless. Parliament was suspended and Sidky Pasha, the leader of the rival party assumed power and promised a new constitution for Egypt in 1930. He tried his best to suppress the nationalists but couldnot succeed and resigned in 1933. WAFDISTS again succeeded in election of 1936 and Nahas Pasha again became the Premier of Egypt.
Nahas Pasha entered into negotiations with British which resulted in Anglo Egyptian treaty of 1936. Britain agreed to recognize the independence of Egypt and withdrawl of troops from the country except the Suez canal. Britain secured the right to station 10,000 men in Suez zone for 20 years. Nahas Pasha hoped that the British would give Egypt complete independence after the world war-II which they had promised many times since 1881. However, King Farouq dismissed Nahas in 1944.
In January, 1952 anti-British riots in Cairo caused extensive damage and accelerated the evacuation of canal zone by the British. However, the most profound change in Egypt occured in July, 1952. King Farouq of Egypt was deposed by the military coup headed by General Naguib and Col. Jamal Abdel Nasser. Soon Nasser became the real head in Egypt. By the Cairo agreement in 1954, Britain undertook to withdraw its forces from the Canal zone in 1956.
Ans When Britain and Ottoman empire went to war in 1914, Britain proclaimed a protectorate over Egypt without asking or receiving permission from Egyptian nation. A delegation'WAFD' party (established in 1919) and led by Saad Zaghlul Pasha met with the British High Commissoner and demanded that Egypt should be represented at the peace conference in Paris in 1919 as an independent power. They also asked for permission to travel to London to lobby for Egyptian independence. Saad had been vice president of legislative assembly and Minister of Education.
Saad was arrested and he along with associates were deported to Malta. This led to an insurrection in which students, workers and other classes paralysed the whole country. Coercive measures by the British could not lead to anything. Therefore Saad was released and allowed to procced to Paris where he attended the Peace conference. From Paris he went to London to place Egypt's case.
The British govt. sent lord Millner on a mission to investigate the cause of Egyptian dissatisfaction. His recommendations found the basis of Anglo-Egyptian treaty which was signed by Great Britain and Sultan Fuad of Egypt in 1921. Britain proclaimed the country an independent Monarchy under King Fuad. However, the British still retained the right to station troops there. Egypt continued to be closely allied with Britain did little to moderate Fuad's autocratic rule.
The treaty of 1921 was rejected and opposed by the nationalists of Egypt. Fresh riots broke out. Saad Zaghlul Pasha was again deported. Constitution was restored in 1923. The 'WAFDISTS' secured an overwhelming majority. Zaghlul Pasha was called again and he became the Premier of Egypt.
A serious crisis arose in 1924 when the British Govt.'s Governor General in Sudan was assasinated in Cairo. Zaghlul Pasha denounced the crime and promised swift action against the culprits But the Britishers did not budge and put many conditions on Egypt. The occupied the custom houise at Alexandria. Saad Zaghlul opposed these measures and resigned in protest. He died in 1927.
After Saad, Nahas Pasha became the leader of Wafd party. He refused to accept a new treaty proposed by British govt. The people became restless. Parliament was suspended and Sidky Pasha, the leader of the rival party assumed power and promised a new constitution for Egypt in 1930. He tried his best to suppress the nationalists but couldnot succeed and resigned in 1933. WAFDISTS again succeeded in election of 1936 and Nahas Pasha again became the Premier of Egypt.
Nahas Pasha entered into negotiations with British which resulted in Anglo Egyptian treaty of 1936. Britain agreed to recognize the independence of Egypt and withdrawl of troops from the country except the Suez canal. Britain secured the right to station 10,000 men in Suez zone for 20 years. Nahas Pasha hoped that the British would give Egypt complete independence after the world war-II which they had promised many times since 1881. However, King Farouq dismissed Nahas in 1944.
In January, 1952 anti-British riots in Cairo caused extensive damage and accelerated the evacuation of canal zone by the British. However, the most profound change in Egypt occured in July, 1952. King Farouq of Egypt was deposed by the military coup headed by General Naguib and Col. Jamal Abdel Nasser. Soon Nasser became the real head in Egypt. By the Cairo agreement in 1954, Britain undertook to withdraw its forces from the Canal zone in 1956.
Importance of middle east
Q Discuss the importance of middle east from every sphere.
Ans Middle East or more recently 'West Asia' includes the Arab countries of the eastern Arab world , Turkey, Iran, Cyprus and Israel but excludes Afghanistan and Pakistan. Sometimes Afghanistan is included in Middle east.
The Middle eastern states have their claims to antiquity. The three major religions-Christianity, Judaism and Islam originated in the Middle east. The modern history of the region is dated from french occupation of Egypt in 1798. However, most of the Middle Eastern states with different cultures, religions and languages are the creation as a collapse of Ottoman Empire at the end of the 1st world war. The Ottoman empire ruled Arab side of Middle East almost from 1535 to 1914. Side by side Ottomans Safavis( later Qajars) existed in Persia. The immediate cause of collapse of Ottoman empire was their decision to join world war-1 on the side of European powers, Germany-Austria. Britain and France also played a great role in raising the Arab nationalism against Turks. Balkanisation of Middle East led to separate Arab states.
Geo-strategic importance of Middle east :- Middle east is both strategically and politically important because it is the meeting place of Asian, European and African continents.
Middle east possesses the greatest oil reserves in the world. The world relies on the region for over a third of its energy supplies. A cartel of Middle Eastern oil producing countries with a few other countries have been formed, called OPEC. OPEC has been used as a powerful weapon in international diplomacy. In 1973 oil producing Arab countries used oil as a weapon against western countries and Israel. Oil remains the most important source of foreign exchange of Arab oil countries.
Since 1945 i.e just before the existence of Israel, there have been five Arab-Israeli wars. Jerusalem which is of religious importance to Christians, Muslims and Jews has been a bone of contention. In 1956 Suez war started when Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt. From 1975 to 1990 there was civil war in Lebanon.
From 1980-88 thetre was Iran-Iraq war with high level of casualities of over one million people.In 1990-1991, Iraq occupied Kuwait but was evicted by U.S and allied forces. In 2003 U.S and British forces attacked Iraq and removed Saddam Hussein. But the civil war is still continuing in Iraq.
Salient Features of Middle east in today's world::-
(1)The Middle Eastern oil has been and will remain a major source of concern for strategic, commercial and now environmental reasons.
(2) Iran's nuclear program will be a great concern for U.S, Israel and others in near future.
(3) Until Palestinian issue is settled there will be continuous strife in Middle east. There is a dire need of Palestinian state according to the aspirations of Palestinians.
(4) Foreign forces have to leave Iraq and Kurdish issue has to be resolved.
(5) Cyprus issue between Greeks and Turks have to be settled amicably.
(6) Oil producing Arab countries are lagging behind in science and technology, human development and democratisation. These require serious efforts and heavy investments.
(7) Arab league shoiuld be made more effective and assertive.
Ans Middle East or more recently 'West Asia' includes the Arab countries of the eastern Arab world , Turkey, Iran, Cyprus and Israel but excludes Afghanistan and Pakistan. Sometimes Afghanistan is included in Middle east.
The Middle eastern states have their claims to antiquity. The three major religions-Christianity, Judaism and Islam originated in the Middle east. The modern history of the region is dated from french occupation of Egypt in 1798. However, most of the Middle Eastern states with different cultures, religions and languages are the creation as a collapse of Ottoman Empire at the end of the 1st world war. The Ottoman empire ruled Arab side of Middle East almost from 1535 to 1914. Side by side Ottomans Safavis( later Qajars) existed in Persia. The immediate cause of collapse of Ottoman empire was their decision to join world war-1 on the side of European powers, Germany-Austria. Britain and France also played a great role in raising the Arab nationalism against Turks. Balkanisation of Middle East led to separate Arab states.
Geo-strategic importance of Middle east :- Middle east is both strategically and politically important because it is the meeting place of Asian, European and African continents.
Middle east possesses the greatest oil reserves in the world. The world relies on the region for over a third of its energy supplies. A cartel of Middle Eastern oil producing countries with a few other countries have been formed, called OPEC. OPEC has been used as a powerful weapon in international diplomacy. In 1973 oil producing Arab countries used oil as a weapon against western countries and Israel. Oil remains the most important source of foreign exchange of Arab oil countries.
Since 1945 i.e just before the existence of Israel, there have been five Arab-Israeli wars. Jerusalem which is of religious importance to Christians, Muslims and Jews has been a bone of contention. In 1956 Suez war started when Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt. From 1975 to 1990 there was civil war in Lebanon.
From 1980-88 thetre was Iran-Iraq war with high level of casualities of over one million people.In 1990-1991, Iraq occupied Kuwait but was evicted by U.S and allied forces. In 2003 U.S and British forces attacked Iraq and removed Saddam Hussein. But the civil war is still continuing in Iraq.
Salient Features of Middle east in today's world::-
(1)The Middle Eastern oil has been and will remain a major source of concern for strategic, commercial and now environmental reasons.
(2) Iran's nuclear program will be a great concern for U.S, Israel and others in near future.
(3) Until Palestinian issue is settled there will be continuous strife in Middle east. There is a dire need of Palestinian state according to the aspirations of Palestinians.
(4) Foreign forces have to leave Iraq and Kurdish issue has to be resolved.
(5) Cyprus issue between Greeks and Turks have to be settled amicably.
(6) Oil producing Arab countries are lagging behind in science and technology, human development and democratisation. These require serious efforts and heavy investments.
(7) Arab league shoiuld be made more effective and assertive.
Tuesday, 29 May 2012
Reforms of Mustafa Kemal
Q Mustafa Kamal Pasha separated Turkey from the ancient Arabic sphere of culture and tradition and transformed her into a modern and westernized nation. Elaborate.
Q Describe achievement and reforms of Mustafa Kamal Ataturk.
Ans: At the beginning of 20th century, the Ottoman empire stretched from Asia Minor to North Africa. In the south-east Europe it bordered with Austria and Russia. The end of Ottoman empire came after 1st world war.
After the world war-1, the terms dictated to Turkey by the allies at the treaty of Severs in 1920 came as a shock to the nationalists. The Treaty deprived Turkey of its entire empire. Constantipole (Istanbul) was temporarily given to international control. An Armenian republic was to be created in the east. Turkey was given the status of semi-colonial state. The Greeks occupied Symrna(now Izmir).
The nationalists under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal refused to accept the Treaty of Severs. Kemal led the revolt against the Govt. of Sultan. He established a rival govt. at Angora(Asia Minor). The Turks under his leadership inflicted a shattering defeat on the Greeks and negotiated more favourable terms with allies at lausanne in 1923. Turkey under the leadership of Kemal Pasha became a republic and Sultan Mohd-vi was deposed in 1922.
Mustafa kemal laid six broad principles of reforms.
(1) Republic:-
In the first place Turkey was made a republic in 1922 with a constitution modelled on western parliamentary lines, though with a one party system. The office of Caliph was abolished. the women could participate in elections. The National Assembly of Turkey was to be elected for a term of four years through universal adult franchise. The Assembly was to elect a president of Republic for four years. Mustafa Kemal became the first president and retained this office till his death in 1938.
(2) Nationalism
All citizens of Turkey without distinction of race and religion were to be Turks. He provided modern Turkey an identity and made it a modern nation state. He shifted the capital from Istanbul to Ankara in Anatolia as a symbol of new nationalist Turkey.
(3) Populism.
Populism means equality before law and rejection of class privileges. Kemal abolished the old Ottoman names and titles.
(iv) Estatism.
State control over industry, mines, transport and means of production were established. His govt subsidised agriculture. Modern farms were established with latest machinery and techniques. He created state enterprises managed by the Govt.
(v) Secularism
The Islamic codes and laws were replaced by a European law code. Polygamy was banned and civil marriages were introduced. The western calendar was introduced with sunday and the friday as weekly holiday. Building of new mosques and repair of old ones were discouraged. Public education was separated from mosque/church influences. He required men to wear western dress, abolished the Fez and veil. Women were made eligible for public offices and professions.
The Turkish language was reformed by the introduction of western alphabets. Turks were now required to take surnames in the Western manner. Kemal himself took the surname of Ataturk(father of Turks). He deleted the articles in the constitution in 1928 that Islam was state religion.
(vi) Revolutionalization
At his death in 1938 Ataturk had revolutionized his country. According to him it was necessary to convert Turkey from an oriental state into a western one. However, in foreign policy Turkey remained independent and conciliatory.
So under Mustafa Kemal Turkey from a 'sickman of Europe' became a modern state. Although he took ruthless measures of westernization and practically was a dictator, but he was a popular and benevolent dictator.
The six pillars of Kemalism are:- (i) republicanism (ii) Kemalism (iii) Populism (iv) Estatism (v) Secularism (vi) revolutionism
Q Describe achievement and reforms of Mustafa Kamal Ataturk.
Ans: At the beginning of 20th century, the Ottoman empire stretched from Asia Minor to North Africa. In the south-east Europe it bordered with Austria and Russia. The end of Ottoman empire came after 1st world war.
After the world war-1, the terms dictated to Turkey by the allies at the treaty of Severs in 1920 came as a shock to the nationalists. The Treaty deprived Turkey of its entire empire. Constantipole (Istanbul) was temporarily given to international control. An Armenian republic was to be created in the east. Turkey was given the status of semi-colonial state. The Greeks occupied Symrna(now Izmir).
The nationalists under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal refused to accept the Treaty of Severs. Kemal led the revolt against the Govt. of Sultan. He established a rival govt. at Angora(Asia Minor). The Turks under his leadership inflicted a shattering defeat on the Greeks and negotiated more favourable terms with allies at lausanne in 1923. Turkey under the leadership of Kemal Pasha became a republic and Sultan Mohd-vi was deposed in 1922.
Mustafa kemal laid six broad principles of reforms.
(1) Republic:-
In the first place Turkey was made a republic in 1922 with a constitution modelled on western parliamentary lines, though with a one party system. The office of Caliph was abolished. the women could participate in elections. The National Assembly of Turkey was to be elected for a term of four years through universal adult franchise. The Assembly was to elect a president of Republic for four years. Mustafa Kemal became the first president and retained this office till his death in 1938.
(2) Nationalism
All citizens of Turkey without distinction of race and religion were to be Turks. He provided modern Turkey an identity and made it a modern nation state. He shifted the capital from Istanbul to Ankara in Anatolia as a symbol of new nationalist Turkey.
(3) Populism.
Populism means equality before law and rejection of class privileges. Kemal abolished the old Ottoman names and titles.
(iv) Estatism.
State control over industry, mines, transport and means of production were established. His govt subsidised agriculture. Modern farms were established with latest machinery and techniques. He created state enterprises managed by the Govt.
(v) Secularism
The Islamic codes and laws were replaced by a European law code. Polygamy was banned and civil marriages were introduced. The western calendar was introduced with sunday and the friday as weekly holiday. Building of new mosques and repair of old ones were discouraged. Public education was separated from mosque/church influences. He required men to wear western dress, abolished the Fez and veil. Women were made eligible for public offices and professions.
The Turkish language was reformed by the introduction of western alphabets. Turks were now required to take surnames in the Western manner. Kemal himself took the surname of Ataturk(father of Turks). He deleted the articles in the constitution in 1928 that Islam was state religion.
(vi) Revolutionalization
At his death in 1938 Ataturk had revolutionized his country. According to him it was necessary to convert Turkey from an oriental state into a western one. However, in foreign policy Turkey remained independent and conciliatory.
So under Mustafa Kemal Turkey from a 'sickman of Europe' became a modern state. Although he took ruthless measures of westernization and practically was a dictator, but he was a popular and benevolent dictator.
The six pillars of Kemalism are:- (i) republicanism (ii) Kemalism (iii) Populism (iv) Estatism (v) Secularism (vi) revolutionism
Tuesday, 22 May 2012
Objective questions
Q what is Kuwait crisis of 1961?
Ans Iraq announced its intention to annex Kuwait. Britain was there to protect Kuwait.
Q what is ARAMCO?
Ans Arabian American oil company
Q Who was Moshe Dayan?
Ans He was the Defense minster and later foreign minister of Israel.
Q who is Noori Maliki?
Ans He is the prime minister of Iraq
Q When Yaser Arafat died?
Ans 11 Nov, 2004
Q RCD stands for?
Ans Regional cooperation organization (Pakistan, Iran and Turkey)
Q When Rafiq Hariri was assassinated?
Ans Rafiq Hariri was a Lebanese Politician who was assassinated on 14 Feb, 2005.
Q who is head of Hezbollah?
Ans Hassan Nasrallah
Q who is Maryam Rijavi?
Ans Maryam Rajavi is an Iranian politician who is president elect of National council of resistance of Iran
Q who is Abdullah Ojlan?
Ans Abdullah Ojlan is the founding member of Kurdistan workers party. He is under arrest by Turkish forces. He is considered a terrorist by Turkey, while Kurds consider him a hero.
Q What is Cha Bahar?
Ans Cha Bahar is a city in the Sistan and Baluchestan province of Iran.
Q Define Marshall Plan
Ans Marshall plan was the U.S aided European recovery plan which was announced by George Marshall U.S secretary of state in 1947. The plan aimed at providing economic aid to European nations after second world war.
Q When the Treaty of Lausanne was signed? What was the aim?
Ans In 1928. According to the treaty of Lousanne(Switzerland), the Dardanelles and the Bosphorous waterways were internationalised.
Q who were the original signatories of Montreux convention?
Ans (1) Turkey (ii) Britain (iii) France (iv) U.S.S.R (v) Australia (vi) Bulgaria (vii) Germany (viii) Greece (ix) Japan (x) Yugoslavia
Q What do you mean by SAVAK?
Ans SAVAK was the secret police of Shah of Iran. It was trained by Americans and Israelis . It was a notorious secret service which tortured the opposition.
Q What does UNTAG stand for?
UN transitional Assistance Group for Namibia.
Q Where is geographical location of Malta?
Ans Malta is an island country on Meditteranian sea. It is nearer to Sicily(Italy).
Q Define Eisenhower doctrine
Ans The Eisenhower doctrine was constructing an anti-Russian stance in the Middle East. the assumption was with the decline of Britain, U.S should fill Vaccum in middle east. Fifty (50) million dollars were offered by U.S as aid.
Q Who was Dr. A.C Millspaugh?
Ans He was an American who wrote 'Local Democracy and Crime Control'. He was asked by Reza shah in Iran to fix the public finances of the country.
Q Who nationalized the suez canal
Ans Gamal Abdul Nasser - President of Egypt in 1956
Q When the suez war took place?
Ans 1956
Q what is meant by the term Muslim Brotherhood?
Ans The Muslim brotherhood was founded in Egypt in 1928 by Hasam-al-Banna. The Muslim brotherhood opposed the separation of religion and state. Their aim is Sharia law. During president Nasser's time most of the Muslim brotherhood were put in jail.
Q Differentiate between National assembly and constituent assembly.
Ans National assembly consists of elected representatives at federal/central level. Constituent assembly is formed for the purpose of a new constitution. The elected members elect the members of constituent assembly.
Q what is strait?
Ans Narrow passage of water connecting two seas or two large areas of water.
Q what is the name of Turkish president?
Ans Mr Abdullah Gul
Q where is the strait of Bab-al-Mandeb located?
Ans Strait between Arabia and Africa that connects the red sea with the Gulf of Aden and Indian ocean.
Q what does AIOC stand for?
Ans Anglo Iranian oil company
Q Define Zionism
Ans Zionism is Jewish nationalism and racism. It is a political creed that the jews should have a national homeland in Palestine.
Q What was the name of chief U.N weapon inspector to Iraq?
Ans Hans Blix( a swedish)
Q what do you mean by the term sphere of influence?
Ans When a country has rights on other country but not territorial rights.
Q who was Sir Percy Sykes?
Ans Sir Percy Sykes was a British commander who in order to protect the oil pipelines during the 1st worl war. trained the Iranian recruits called the south Persia rifles.
Q Define Consortium
Ans Temporary association of a number of countries for a common purpose.
Q what is the meaning of Estatism?
Ans Constructive intervention of the state in the national economy.
Q what was capital of Yugoslavia?
Ans Belgrade
Q Who was Sir Rignold Wingate?
Ans Sir Rignold Wingate was the British high commissoner for Egypt.
Q When the Sadabad pact was signed/concluded?
Ans It was concluded in 1937 between Turkey and eastern nations.
Q when and where the Arab league was formed?
Ans 1945 in Alexandria(Egypt)
Q what do you know about hostage crisis?
Ans In 1979 radicals particularly students in Tehran invaded American embassy and took 53 of its inmates as hostage. An attempt by the Americans to release the hostages failed. The hostages were not killed but American prestige suffered.
Q how long Mohammed Reza or Reza shah Pehalvi ruled over Iran?
Ans Reza shah Pehalvi rule dover Iran for 20 years.
Q where is Gallipoli?
Ans Gallipoli is a seaport located on the north-east coast of Dardanelles(European Turkey)It was scene of bitter fighting in the first world war.
Q/A The term of Treaty of Severs in 1920 were revised in the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.
Q/A In September 1922 the nationalist army under Mustafa Kemal recaptured Symrna (Izmir) from the Greeks.
Q In which year the treaty of Sevres was signed between Turkey and allies?
Ans 1920
Q In 1894 Captain Dreyfus(a jew0 of France was accused of?
Ans Sold military secrets to a foreign nation.
Q what does CENTO stand for?
Ans Central treaty organization
Q Give the geographical location of Cyprus.
Ans Cyprus is an island on Mediterranean sea. It is divided between Greek cypriots in the south and Turkish Cypriots in the north.
Q what is buffer state?
Ans A small country located between two large antagnoistic states. It lessens the conflict between powerful states.
Q Name the capital of Lebanon.
Ans Beirut
Q who was Saad Zaghlul?
Ans He was an Egyptian Arab nationalist and belonged to WAFD party. He became premier of Egypt but soon resigned. He dies in 1927.
Q when Islamic revolution broke out in Iran?
Ans Juary 1979.
Q which country was known as the sick man of Europe?
Ans Turkey
Q what does MTCR stand for?
Ans Missile Technology Control Regime
Q when the 1st Arab-Israeli war broke out?
Ans 1948
Q where is the Black sea?
Ans Black sea touches Turkey and old Soviet union particularly Crimea.
Q who is the president of Iran?
Ans Ahmedi-nijad
Q what does CTBT stand for?
Ans Comprehensive test ban treaty
Q when the second world war ended?
Ans 1945
Q what does Neo stand for?
Ans New international economic order
Q Name the exact members of Montreux convention
Ans Turkey, Britain, France, U.S.S.R, Germany, Japan, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Greece, Australia(10 countries)
Q what do you know about Arab nationalism?
Ans Britain encouraged Arab nationalism during the 1st world war to hasten the disintegration of Turkish Ottoman empire. Arabs became independent of Turkey after the 1st worl war. But they could not setup a great Arab state. Arab league which is the symbol of Arab nationalism was formed in 1945. In 1950 and 1960's President Nasser was a great champion of Arab cause and pan Arabism.
Q Why is the West Asia also called the Middle East?
Ans West Asia generally includes the Arab countries of the eastern Arab world, Turkey, Iran and Israel but conventionally excludes Afghanistan and Pakistan. the term middle east was coined in 1902. West Asia is the new name.
Q what do you know about Kemalist revolution?
Ans The Turks under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal defeated Greeks and Mustafa Kemal got favourable terms at the treaty of Lausanne in 1923. Under Kemal's leadership Turkey became a republic and Sultan Mohd-vi was deposed. Kemal westernized the country.
Q Give the names of seas connected by Suez Canal
Ans Mediterranean sea and Red sea
Q where is Camp david?
Ans Camp David is in Maryland U.S.A. Peace talks and agreements took place in Camp David during president Saadat's time and then by Yasir Arafat and Israelis.
Q when and why did the Islamic Revolution occur in Iran?
Ans In 1979. Iran had become a satellite of U.S.A. There were atrocities of SAVAK, people wanted democracy and democratic rights. All these and many other factors led to the revolution in Iran.
Q why did Baghdad Pact was converted to CENTO?
Ans Because Iraq left Baghdad Pact in 1959 therefore Baghdad pact was converted into CENTO.
Q write the names of countries who share common border with Iran
Ans Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkemanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iraq, Gulf states.
Q who was Cyrus the Great?
Ans Cyrus the great was a Zarostrian who was the founder of the greater Persian empire. He also conquered Babylonians.
Q what was the old name of Iraq?
Ans Mesopotamia
Q what do you know about Balfour declaration?
Ans Balfour was a British foreign secretary. The Balfour declaration in 1917 favoured the establishment of Jewish national home in Palestine.
Q when did the King Faisal came to power in Saudi Arabia?
Ans 1964 and killed in 1975
Q what does OPEC stand for?
Ans Organization of petroleum exporting countries
Q who was Ismet inonu?
Ans Ismet Inonu or Ismet Pasha was right hand man of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. He became primer minister of Turkey during Mustafa Kemal's time. After Kemal's death he became President of Turkey.
Q where is Shatt ul Arab?
Ans It is on the frontier between Iran and Iraq i.e waterways between Iran-Iraq.
Q what do you know about Gaza strip and West Bank?
Ans Gaza borders with Egypt and west Bank with Jordan. In between Gaza and west Bank lies the Israeli controlled area.
Q who is the leader of Hammas?
Ans Khalid Bashar
Q what does OIC stand for?
Ans Organization of Islamic countries.
Q Differentiate between operation Desert storm and operation Desert fox.
Ans Operation desert storm was the Gulf-war in 1991 when Iraq was attacked. desert Fox was the name given to German commander Erwin Rommel.
Q who was Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeni.
Ans Iranian religious leader who brought revolution against Shah in 1979.
Q what is the Palestinian road map?
Ans It was a plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed by U.S.A, European union, Russia and the U.N. Principles of plan were outlined by President Bush in 2002.
Q what do you know about Intifada?
Ans Intifada is resistance (uprising) by the Palestinians against Israeli occupation. It started in Gaza in dec, 1987.
Q what was the prime reason cited by Bush and Blair for launching war on Iraq?
Ans they had the pretext that Iraq has weapons of mass destruction(WMD). Actually they wanted to show their power to friend and foe.
Q who was Lawrence of Arabia?
Ans T.W Lawrence or Lawrence of Arabia was an Englishman who supported the Arab cause against the Ottoman Empire. He was also serving British interests as an agent in Arabia.
Q The 1st Gulf war took place in?
Ans 1991-92
Q The 2nd Gulf war took place in?
Ans 2003
Q Where is Dardanelles located?
Ans Strait near Turkey that separates Black sea from the Aegeab sea. In 1915 during 1st world war it was a scene of bitter fighting between allied forces and Turks.
Q When Iraq occupied Kuwait?
Ans Aug, 1990
Q when was GCC formed and how many members it has?
Ans Gulf cooperation Council was formed in 1981. It has six members . Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Behrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman.
Q On which side was Turkey during 1st world war?
Ans Germany
Q when civil war broke out between Muslims and Christians in Lebanon?
Ans spring of 1975
Q why and when Iran-Iraq war erupted?
Ans Iran-Iraq war erupted in 1980 over the disputed Iranian province of Khuzestan and over control of Shat ul Arab waterways which formed part of frontier between the two states.
Q why was Ottoman empire called the "sick man"?
Ans because its possession and property had to be divided among the western powers.
Q what is Balfour declaration?
Ans In 1917 the British Govt. issued the Balfour declaration for the establishment of Jewish homeland in Palestine. Balfour was British foreign minister. When the Balfour declaration was made the Jewish population was less than 10% in Palestine, about 85000 Jews.
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